Grammar+&+Punctuation

=Grammar & Punctuation =

= Term 1 = The first thing you learn when you study grammar is the different parts of speech. Different types of words have different jobs to do. Some are naming words, some are action words, some describe things, others join or relate groups of words. All these different types of words are called the 'parts of speech'. Parts of speech include nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, articles and interjections. Here is a brief summary of them: ** Nouns ** are naming words. They give the names of people, places, things, feelings and ideas (e.g. girl, man, John, Mrs Smith, beach, Africa, pencil, book, heat, hunger, health): ** Pronouns ** stand in the place of nouns. Once a noun has already been used, a pronoun can be used to represent that noun (e.g. she, it, they, us, I, mine, his, theirs, somebody, everyone). ** Adjectives ** are describing words. They describe nouns and pronouns (e.g. pretty, clever, dirty, happy, hot, fantastic, five, yellow, American). ** Verbs ** are doing, being and having words. They tell what action is happening (e.g. run, jump, think, sleep, write, am, are, is, was, were, have, has, had). ** Adverbs ** are modifying words. They usually modify verbs, telling how, where and when. They can also modify adjectives and other adverbs, telling how much (e.g. angrily, sadly, slowly, over, up, yesterday, soon, very, hardly, rarely). ** Conjunctions ** are joining words. They join one part of a sentence to another (e.g. but, and, because, although, until, unless, if). ** Prepositions ** are relating words. They relate a noun or pronoun in the first part of the sentence with a noun or pronoun in the second part. They often tell about position (e.g. under, over, inside, above, to, at, for, with, on, by, beneath).  ** Interjections ** are words that show strong feeling, shock or surprise. They are followed by exclamation marks (e.g. Wow! Crikey! Golly! Gee wizz! Blimey! Oh no! Strewth! No way!).
 * Parts of speech**
 * Articles** are specifying words. They tell whether a noun is definite and specific, or indefinite and non-specific ('the' is the definite article; 'a' and 'an' are the indefinite articles).

Wyldeck, K. (2008). //All You Need to Know About Grammar: Excel Essential Skills Years 7 to 10// (6th ed). Pascal Press. NSW. Week 1 (commencing 01/02/10) ** Nouns ** Nouns are naming words. They give the names of people, places, things, feelings and ideas. Examples of nouns are:


 * People: **Angela, Kevin, Mrs Carter, Dr Dolittle, Queen Victoria, girl, man, teacher, nurse

Things: ** peg, pencil, rubbish, grass, cup, book, computer, window, car, Gameboy, Nintendo Feelings: ** hunger, thirst, tiredness, happiness, sorrow, fear, anger, love, hope, boredom Ideas: ** education, politics, health, sport, travel, biology, government, slavery, intelligence  Nouns come in four varieties: common, proper, collective and abstract.
 * Places: ** Hyde Park, Korea, Washington, the River Nile, the Himalayas, beach, park, forest
 * Types of nouns**

Proper nouns: ** are the names of special people, places and events. They are always spelt with capital letters. These are examples of proper nouns: Mr Smith, Father Christmas, the Queen, Australia, Samantha, the Amazon River, Easter, and the Sydney Harbour Bridge. Now you think of some? Collective nouns: ** are the names of collections or groups of people, animals and objects. Here are some collective nouns: herd, crowd, group, flock, congregation, audience, fleet, bunch, and pack. Give some more examples… Abstract nouns ** are the names of feelings and ideas. They are not things that you can see and touch. Look at the following examples: dream, terror, hunger, fear, happiness, fun, education, punishment, sympathy. Now think of some of your own… Wyldeck, K. (2008). //All You Need to Know About Grammar: Excel Essential Skills Years 7 to 10// (6th ed). Pascal Press. NSW. Put the following nouns into their correct columns: __COMMON__, __PROPER__, __COLLECTIVE__ and __ABSTRACT__.
 * Common nouns: ** are the names of ordinary things that you can see and touch. The following words are examples of common nouns: egg, duck, man, river, soup, shoe, girl, rat, carrot. See if you can think of some more…
 * Activity 1**

Mrs Lee, star, saucer, beauty, horror, egg, Britain, boys, sport, misery, heat, sardines, democracy, the King of Spain, king, dog, Monty, fleet, Bondi, crowd, wealth, class, fish, mob, Perth, Wizard of Oz, apple, desk, gang, comedy, Kelloggs. Week 2 (commencing 02/08/10 **Adjectives** Adjectives are describing words. They describe nouns and pronouns. Examples of adjectives are: // The __fierce__ lion let out a __frightening__ roar, and all the __terrified__ animals ran for __their__ lives. They were __nice__ and __fat__ and __juicy__, just right for a lion's dinner. That's how he saw it, anyway. //

Adjectives come before nouns (__pretty__ girl) and after verbs of being and sensing (I am __twelve__: this tastes __good__).

Underline the adjectives you see in the following sentences.
 * Activity 1**

It was a wild and windy night and, as the wispy clouds sailed across the rising, yellow moon, I saw an ugly witch riding a bristly broomstick, her tall, pointed hat on her head and a black cat with shining eyes resting on her shoulder. I could hear the witch's evil cackle as she flew off into the cold, midnight air.

Think of a good adjective to go with the following words.
 * Activity 2**

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=Term 2=

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=Term 4=

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